PLC中的是PLC的核心，起神经中枢的作用，每台PLC至少有一个，它按PLC的系统程序赋予的功能接收并存贮用户程序和数据，用扫描的方式采集由现场输入装置送来的状态或数据，并存入规定的寄存器中，同时，诊断电源和PLC内部电路的工作状态和编程过程中的语法错误等。进入运行后，从用户程序存贮器中逐条读取指令，经分析后再按指令规定的任务产生相应的控制信号，去指挥有关的控制电路，
与通用计算机一样，主要由运算器、控制器、寄存器及实现它们之间联系的数据、控制及状态总线构成，还有外围芯片、总线接口及有关电路。它确定了进行控制的规模、工作速度、内存容量等。内存主要用于存储程序及数据，是PLC不可缺少的组成单元。
控制器控制工作，由它读取指令、解释指令及执行指令。但工作节奏由震荡信号控制。
的运算器用于进行数字或逻辑运算，在控制器指挥下工作。
的寄存器参与运算，并存储运算的中间结果，它也是在控制器指挥下工作。
虽然划分为以上几个部分，但PLC中的芯片实际上就是微处理器，由于电路的高度集成，对内部的详细分析已无必要，我们只要弄清它在PLC中的功能与性能，能正确地使用它就够了。
模块的外部表现就是它的工作状态的种种显示、种种接口及设定或控制开关。一般讲，模块总要有相应的状态指示灯，如电源显示、运行显示、故障显示等。箱体式PLC的主箱体也有这些显示。它的总线接口，用于接I/O模板或底板，有内存接口，用于安装内存，有外设口，用于接外部设备，有的还有通讯口，用于进行通讯。模块上还有许多设定开关，用以对PLC作设定，如设定起始工作方式、内存区等。
二、I/O模块：
PLC的对外功能，主要是通过各种I/O接口模块与外界联系的，按I/O点数确定模块规格及数量，I/O模块可多可少，但其大数受所能管理的基本配置的能力，即受大的底板或机架槽数限制。I/O模块集成了PLC的I/O电路，其输入暂存器反映输入信号状态，输出点反映输出锁存器状态。
三、电源模块：
有些PLC中的电源，是与模块合二为一的，有些是分开的，其主要用途是为PLC各模块的集成电路提供工作电源。同时，有的还为输入电路提供24V的工作电源。电源以其输入类型有：交流电源，加的为交流220VAC或110VAC，直流电源，加的为直流电压，常用的为24V。
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